RFID Transmitter + Responder = Transponder
The passiv transponder consists of a case, an aerial, an analogous circuit for receiving and sending as a digital circuit and a permanent memory. This transponder obtains his energy from the received radio waves. The range of these transponders therefore amounts to only few millimetres to some centimetres.
An integrated battery is used for the energy supply for the microchip of the activ transponder. The further construction is identical with that one of the passive transponder. To increase the life time of the battery, these transponders are in the quiet mode and get active only by a exciter signal.
LF (Low Frequency)
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are frequencies between 120 and 134 kHz. These frequencies penetrate most materials and provide constant results in the complete reading area. This frequency domain may be used worldwide without restriction. Due to structural regulations the LF-transponder cannot be accomplished as a label. Depending in frequency reading ranges can be reached up to 1 meter.
Standards: ISO 11784, ISO 11785, ISO 14223-1, ISO 14223-2, ISO 18000-2, DIN 30745
HF (High Frequency)
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works with frequency of 13.56 MHz. These frequencies also penetrate most materials and have a very homogeneous reading area like in the LF area. The anticollisionable transponders do have a range of up to 1.2 meter. The influence of metal in the environment of the transponder is higher than in the LF area.
Standards: ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 15693, ISO/IEC 18000-3
UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
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works with different frequencies and transmitting power, 2 watt at 868 MHz are used in Europe and in the USA 4 watt at 915 MHz are used. The UHF radio waves do not penetrate all materials, particularly liquids and ice are problematic. The transponders are coordinated with different materials to optimize the range on up to 7 metres and more. The good anticollision qualities and the fast data transfer are part of further characteristics in this frequency domain.
Standards: ISO/IEC 18000-6
Transponders are insensitive to environmental influences like dirt, humidity, temperatures, chemicals etc.. They do not need an eye contact to the RFID reader, therefore they can be attached hidden at the products. Furthermore they have a clear serial number, which is unique worldwide: the so-called UID (Unique Identifier). The ability to collect several transponders simultaneously is another advantage over customary codings like the barcode. A variety of a new application are possible because of the ability to rewrite the medium and therefore you get a data carrier with interchangeable data contents.
A RFID system always consists of a transponder, an aerial (Antenne) and a reader (Lesegerät). Depending on the request of the customer standard transponders or transponders especially developed for his task are needed. The RFID reader takes on the communication with the transponder and provides the necessary write and read accesses. Furthermore the reader has the necessary interfaces, so the RFID system can communicate with its primary system like PPS, ERP, DBMS etc.
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